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首頁 > 公司新聞 > 攝影展覽具有強烈深遠感的照片
公司新聞
攝影展覽具有強烈深遠感的照片
2010-11-09IP屬地 火星312

畫家可以根據(jù)自己的創(chuàng)作意圖在畫幅中任意安排作品的構(gòu)圖,需要的成份安排到畫面里去,不需要的成份擯棄于畫幅之外,并且根據(jù)畫家自己的主觀意愿安排構(gòu)圖的形式,使它產(chǎn)生一定的形式感。攝影卻很難做到這一點。在一幅照片的拍攝過程中,攝影者無論在選擇形象、安排構(gòu)圖、處理環(huán)境背景、考慮色彩配置等方面,無不受到拍攝現(xiàn)場原有條件的限制。拍攝現(xiàn)場中假若沒有彎曲延伸的線條,你決然拍不出“S”形的構(gòu)圖;如果現(xiàn)場中沒有巨大的空間,你也很難拍出具有強烈深遠感的照片。所以,拍攝現(xiàn)場固有的生活圖景,是攝影構(gòu)圖的基礎。我們這樣講,并不意味著攝影者對畫面的構(gòu)圖沒有任何創(chuàng)作余地。他可以根據(jù)現(xiàn)場的具體條件,進行一定的取舍、選擇,并適當?shù)剡\用攝影造型表現(xiàn)手段,把現(xiàn)實生活表現(xiàn)得更集中、更典型、更完美。因而,攝影應該有構(gòu)圖的基本技能和訓練,把照片拍得更好,更有藝術(shù)感染力。安排一幅照片的構(gòu)圖,要從總體去考慮。主體、背景、輪廓形狀、影調(diào)配置、色彩關系等各個方面都要同時考慮到,凡是影響攝影畫面總印象的一切因素,都要在按下照相機快門之前有限的時間內(nèi),把它們統(tǒng)籌處理得當。比如,你在室外陽光下拍攝一幅人像,根據(jù)被攝者的面貌特征,你選取了一個理想的拍攝角度,還要同時看一看投射光線的方向和高度是否對表現(xiàn)人物的外貌有利;也要注意背景如何,是否有妨礙美觀的樹杈疊在人物的背后?是否有電線桿“長”在被攝者頭上?背景的色彩對表現(xiàn)人物是否有利?背景影調(diào)的明暗配置是否有助于襯托出人物形象?等等。假若拍攝角度的選擇對被攝人物雖然合適,背景卻十分雜亂,那么就要另選一處適當?shù)谋尘埃蝗绻饩€不好,則宜建議被攝者轉(zhuǎn)換一個方向,使光線效果對表現(xiàn)他的外貌更為有利,或者另選一個時刻,待投射光線適合時再拍。所以,當你選擇拍攝角度時,就要同時考慮到諸如光線、影調(diào)、背景、色彩等各種影響畫面效果的造型因素,加以統(tǒng)籌安排,選擇一個適宜的拍攝方案,而不能顧此失彼。在一幅照片的構(gòu)圖過程中,攝影者首先要做的事情是對被攝對象進行仔細的觀察和研究,分析它的特點,找出最佳拍攝方案。如有可能,對被攝對象的觀察和研究越具體、越周到越好。若缺乏對被攝對象的觀察和研究,就很難找到最恰當?shù)谋憩F(xiàn)它的方法。經(jīng)驗不足的色友,對于自己的被攝對象往往缺乏仔細的觀察研究,便匆忙進行拍攝。由于沒有下功夫觀察和分析被攝對象,就不易發(fā)現(xiàn)被攝對象最宜于表現(xiàn)的部分和最理想的觀看角度,在你拍出的照片中,并沒有把被攝對象最有表現(xiàn)力的外部形象再現(xiàn)出來。當然,這樣的構(gòu)圖自然不能算作最好的。拿拍攝風景照片來說,初學攝影的人,攝了好多照片,因為美麗的景色吸引著他,不斷激起他的拍攝欲望。可是,等洗出照片之后,往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)不少照片不能令人滿意,被攝景物在照片上顯得很一般,缺乏感人的力量。旅游攝影造成這種結(jié)果的因素雖然是多方面的,可是,在拍攝現(xiàn)場未進行周密的觀察,對被攝景物缺乏仔細的分析研究,沒有找到最佳拍攝方案和最合適的拍攝角度,是其中一個非常重要的原因。一切被攝對象,都處在一定的環(huán)境之中。一座建筑,有其周圍的環(huán)境,或坐落在山腳下,或修建在庭院中,或屹立在廣場上。一個人物,也有他工作和生活的環(huán)境,有其陳設的環(huán)境,或是桌面,或是臺架,還有襯托它的背景環(huán)境、背景要交待到什么程度?特別是對大自然中有廣闊環(huán)境背景的一些被攝對象,你打算用多大的畫面范圍去表現(xiàn)它?用較大的畫面范圍著重表現(xiàn)被攝主體?這個問題在拍攝現(xiàn)場必須首先明確起來,以便根據(jù)既定的拍攝意圖決定畫面范圍的大小。假若沒有這種明確的構(gòu)思,拍出的照片往往缺乏特色,沒有感人的力量。確定畫面范圍,意味著把你要拍攝的對象從廣闊的自然環(huán)境中“分離”出來。不管你拍攝的范圍是大或是小,它都是自然環(huán)境中的一部分。對更廣闊的自然環(huán)境來說,它都是一種“分離”,至于所選取的這一部分范圍,其大小完全由你自己決定。攝影畫面所包括范圍的大小,與被攝對象至攝影者之間的距離和所使用的照相機鏡頭焦距的長短直接有關。所以,變更攝影畫面范圍,可以在拍攝時移動攝影距離或者通過改變照相機鏡頭的焦距達到。拍攝距離遠,鏡頭焦距短,可以獲得范圍較廣的畫面;反之,攝影畫面包括的范圍則較小。遠景照片的畫幅中包括范圍很廣的景物,顯示出被攝場景相當廣闊的環(huán)境和背景,它的特點是有利于向觀眾展現(xiàn)出被攝場景總的印象,表現(xiàn)大的氣勢和氣氛,但是,它不能鮮明地顯現(xiàn)出被攝主體的細部。遠景照片不能肩負具體工作展現(xiàn)被攝主體的任務。由于這一類照片常常是在較遠的距離上拍攝的,或者不具備足夠的距離時用廣角鏡頭拍攝,被攝體的影像總是相對地小一些,細部不能給觀眾強烈的印象。下圖是一幅以表現(xiàn)環(huán)境氣氛為主的遠景照片。這幅照片的目的不是向觀眾具體地介紹樓房的細部,而是著重表現(xiàn)它的規(guī)模和周圍環(huán)境的特點,表現(xiàn)出它的地理位置和整體形態(tài)。它使我們從總體上看到了小區(qū)的地理特征,展現(xiàn)出氣勢。全景通常是用標準鏡頭從遠近適中的距離上拍攝的畫面。它的畫面效果與人眼通常的視覺相近,比如,從3米至5米遠去看一個人,從15米至30米去觀看一座建筑。拍攝全景照片,不論是拍人或拍物,要求表現(xiàn)其全貌,比如,人物拍全身,建筑物拍整體等等。這種拍攝方法,與遠景照片相比較,被攝主體的形象會更鮮明,能夠給觀眾留下明晰的印象,也能表現(xiàn)出一定規(guī)模的環(huán)境背景,但是畫面中的氣勢不如遠景磅礴,照片上所展現(xiàn)的場景不及遠景遼闊,被攝主體的細節(jié)也不能很鮮明地再現(xiàn)。下圖便是一幅全景照片,我們可以看到樓房的全貌,照片上也有表現(xiàn)出一定的環(huán)境特點,但是卻不能有力地顯示主體物的細節(jié)——比如樓房的細部結(jié)構(gòu)。從相當近的距離上拍攝,或者從不太遠的距離上用長焦距鏡頭拍攝,可以獲得一幅近景照片。在近景照片的畫面內(nèi),所包括的景物范圍很小,好像人們從近處去觀看被攝對象所得到的視覺效果那樣,攝影展覽被攝對象能夠表現(xiàn)出更多的細部,容易給觀眾留下很具體而深刻的印象。近景照片所包括的景物范圍雖然較小,但被攝對象在畫幅中的影像顯得較大,被攝對象的質(zhì)感和細部表現(xiàn)得好,畫面中也不至于包含一些不必要的分散觀眾注意力的環(huán)境背景,畫面容易顯得簡潔,像是精心剪裁過的一樣,給觀眾留下強烈的印象。近景照片對環(huán)境的表現(xiàn)是有限的,不易表現(xiàn)環(huán)境背景特點。特寫照片只表現(xiàn)被攝對象的某一細部,常常用來展現(xiàn)被攝對象自身結(jié)構(gòu)上的一些細節(jié),能顯示出觀眾以前從未注意到的狀態(tài)和形象,引起觀眾濃厚的興趣。如微小的的昆蟲、貨幣上的圖案、織物的花紋等等。這一類的照片,常常是用“微距鏡頭”從極近的距離上拍攝的。決定拍攝高度在確定畫面范圍和拍攝方向的同時,還應當周密考慮一下,根據(jù)被攝對象的特點,究竟適合從多高的角度上去拍攝。你不妨在被攝對象前面從較低的位置到較高的位置多看一看,仔細分析一下眼前的景色有什么變化,選取一個最理想的拍攝高度。有些時候,對于一些場景,當你仰拍或俯拍時,比從一般高度上平拍,會使照片更有吸引人的力量。攝影的畫面構(gòu)圖,就是把要拍攝的客觀對象有機地安排在照片畫幅里,使它產(chǎn)生一定的藝術(shù)形式,把攝影者的意圖和觀念表達出來。這里包括:照片給觀者的總的視覺印象,被攝主體在畫幅中再現(xiàn),被攝主體在畫幅中所處的位置,照片畫幅的長寬比例,被攝體之間的相互關系,透視與空間深度的處理,影像清晰與模糊程度的控制,影調(diào)與線條的運用,色彩的配置,氣氛的渲染……總之,它涉及到構(gòu)成攝影畫面總印象的一切造型因素。研究攝影構(gòu)圖的目的,是為了增強照片的效果,使畫面更有藝術(shù)感染力,攝影展覽更能給觀眾留下深刻的印象,更好地表達攝影作品的主題內(nèi)容.攝影構(gòu)圖的基本要求,是使照片上的形象鮮明、易懂、有表現(xiàn)力。這意味著在考慮攝影畫面的構(gòu)成時,要盡可能使主要的被攝對象鮮明突出,使它從周圍環(huán)境中突出出來,被攝體相互之間的關系要協(xié)調(diào)、統(tǒng)一,不可互相爭奪視線。被攝體的形狀要處理好,要使觀眾易于理解,作品所蘊含的意圖能夠盡快地為觀眾所領會,而不致使他們費解。照片上表現(xiàn)出的形象要有藝術(shù)感染力,使觀眾喜聞樂見,并給觀眾留下深刻的印象。總之,要通過構(gòu)圖的安排,使一幅照片的內(nèi)容和形式結(jié)合得更好,更完美。攝影畫面的構(gòu)圖是從生活中來的。客觀現(xiàn)實生活——拍攝現(xiàn)場,是構(gòu)圖的基礎。攝影者在拍攝一幅照片的時候,怎樣取舍畫面,怎樣安排被攝主體和環(huán)境背景的關系,怎樣把欲表現(xiàn)的主題表達得更加鮮明、更有藝術(shù)感染力,都離不開現(xiàn)場的原有條件。在這一方面,攝影和繪畫有很大的不同。 www.lzwphoto***

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